NWRC Chemical Effects Database Published Bioassay Data Citations

Last Modified: April 03, 2024

The bioassay data accessible from the on-line Chemical Effects Database is found in literature identified in this table. The database 'publication code' for each citation is referenced to assist on-line users with locating the primary literature.

For information regarding the raw data archives, please contact sara.j.szakaly@usda.gov.

Publication CodeCitation
ASchafer, E.W. 1972. The acute oral toxicity of 369 pesticidal, pharmaceutical and other chemicals to wild birds. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 21:315-330.
BSchafer, E.W., et al. 1973. Comparative toxicity of seventeen pesticides to the Quelea, house sparrow and re-winged blackbird. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 26:154-157.
CSchafer, E.W., Jr. and R.B. Brunton. 1979. Indicator bird species for toxicity determinations: Is the technique usable for test method development? American Society of Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication No. 680. pp 157-168.
DSchafer, E.W., et al. 1967. Substituted phenyl N-methyl carbamates as temporary Immobilizing agents for birds. Journ. of Agric. Food Chem. 15(2):287-289.
ESchafer, E.W. Jr. and D.J. Cummings. 1972. An evaluation of 148 compounds as avian immobilizing agents. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report-Wildlife No.150. 30pp.
FSchafer, E.W., Jr., et al. 1976. Evaluation of 45 chemical as chemosterilants in adult male quail. Journ. of Reprod. Fertil. 48:371-375.
GSchafer, E.W., Jr., et al. 1977. Use of male coturnix quail in the laboratory development of avian chemosterilants. American Society of Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication No. 625. pp 225-236.
HSchafer, E.W., Jr. and R.B. Brunton. 1971. Chemicals as bird repellents: Two promising agents. Journal of Wildlife Management. 23(3):569-572.
IFrank, F.R., et al. 1970. Laboratory and field studies with an avian repellent for sprouting seeds. Proc. Bird. Control Seminar. 5:86-89.
JDiCino, T.J., et al. 1966. Toxicity of DRC-1339 to starlings. Journal of Wildlife Management. 30(2):249-253.
KSchafer, E.W., et al. 1969. New starling toxicant: DRC-1347. Pest. Control 37(9):22,24,30.
LSchafer, E.W.,Jr., et al. 1973. A summary of the acute toxicity of 4-aminopyridine to birds and mammals. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 26:532-538.
MSchafer, E.W., Jr., et al. 1982. Effects of 77 chemicals on reproduction in male and female coturnix quail. Ecotox. Environ. Safety 6:149-156
NShefte, N., R. L. Bruggers, and E. W. Schafer, Jr. 1982. Repellency and toxicity of three bird control chemicals to four species of African grain-eating birds. Journal of Wildlife Management 46:453-457.
OShumake, S.A., et al. 1976. Behavioral responses of quelea to methiocarb. Proc. Bird Control Seminar. 7:250-254.
PKverno, N.B., et al. 1965. Development of chemicals to control forest wildlife damage. Proceedings, Society of American Foresters. pp 222-226.
QSchafer, E. W., Jr., W. A. Bowles Jr., and J. Hurlbut. 1983. The acute oral toxicity and repellency and hazard potential of 998 chemicals to one or more species of wild and domestic birds. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 12:355-382.
RTucker, R.K. and D.G. Crabtree. 1970. Handbook of toxicity of pesticides to wildlife. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Resource Publication No. 84. 131 pp.
SSchafer, E. W., Jr., and W. A. Bowles Jr. 1985. Acute oral toxicity and repellency of 933 chemicals to house and deer mice. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 14:111-129.
THudson, R.H., et al. 1984. Handbook of toxicity of pesticides to wildlife. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Resource Publication No. 153. 90 pp.
USchafer, E. W., Jr., and W. A. Bowles Jr. 2004. Toxicity, Repellency of Phytotoxicity of 979 Chemicals to Birds, Mammals and Plants. Research Report No. 04-01. National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado. 118 pp.
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