A. The first step in Carcass Management is to assess the situation; identify the types and quantities of animals involved, their average weight and reason for illness/death. Open the Options, Time & Cost Calculator below, and enter the appropriate information into the blue boxes at the top of the spreadsheet.
Options, Time & Cost Calculator
B.For those options that are feasible, estimate needed materials, supplies and equipment based on the Options, Time & Cost Calculator and the Planning Guides, below.
State Departments of Agriculture — Environmental Agencies Contact Info
Effectiveness of Spray-Based Decontamination Methods for Spores and Viruses on Heavily Soiled Surfaces |
M.Worth Calfee, Ph.D. |
2016 |
EPA/600/R-16/162 |
Field Study on Cleaning a Rendering Plant Following a Foreign Animal Disease (FAD) Outbreak |
Paul Lemieux, PhD |
2013 |
EPA 600/R-13/145 |
Inactivation of Avian Influenza Virus Using Common Detergents and Chemicals |
M. E. Lombardi,A B. S. Ladman,B R. L. Alphin,C and E. R. Benson |
2008 |
Avian Diseases |
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus Persistence Testing and Evaluation of Liquid Decontamination Technologies |
Joe Wood/EPA |
2009 |
Final Report In Clearance 2009 |
Bryan Charleston |
2011 |
American Association for Advancement of Science |
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Cost of Remediation of Nitrogen-Contaminated Soils Under CAFO Impoundments |
C. Volland, J. Zupancic, J. Chappelle |
2003 |
Journal of Hazardous Substance Research |
Influence of Prion Strain on Prion Protein Adsorption to Soil in a Competitive Matrix |
Samuel E, Saunders, Jason C. Bartz, Shannon L. Bartelt-Hunt |
2009 |
American Chemical Society |
Prion Protein Adsorption to Soil in a Competitive Matrix Is Slow and Reduced |
Samuel E, Saunders, Jason C. Bartz, Shannon L. Bartelt-Hunt |
2009 |
American Chemical Society |
Persistence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Animals, their Products and the Environment |
G.E. Cottral |
1996 |
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Tomokazu Fukuda, Yasushi Kino, Yasuyuki Abe, Hideaki Yamashiro, Yoshinkazu Kuwahara, Hidekazu Nihel, Yosuke Sano, Ayumi Irisawa, Tsutomu, Motoi Fukmoto, Hisashi Shinoda, Yuichi Obata, Shin Saigusa, Tsutomu Sekine, Emiko Isogai, Manabu Fukumoto |
2013 |
PLOS One |
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Mark A. Borchardt, Susan K. Spencer, Laura E. Hubbard, Aaron D. Firnstahl, Joel P. Stokdyk and Dana W. Kolpin |
2015 |
ACS Publications |
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Pathogenic prion protein is degraded by a manganese oxide mineral found in soils |
"Fabio Russo,Christopher J. Johnson, Chad J. Johnson, Debbie McKenzie, Judd M. Aiken and Joel A. Pedersen" |
2008 |
Journal of General Virology |
Natural Resources Conservation Service Conservation Practice Standard Pathogen Management |
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2002 |
USDA |
Christen B. Smith, Clarissa J. Booth, and Joel A. Pedersen |
2011 |
American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America |
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"Abbasali Kasaeinasab , Mehdi Jahangiri , Ali Karimi , Hamid Reza Tabatabaei , Sonia Safari" |
2016 |
Elsevier |
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Assessment of Fukushima-Derived Radiation Doses and Effects on Wildlife in Japan |
"P. Strand, T. Aono J. E. Brown J. Garnier-Laplace A. Hosseini, T. Sazykina, F. Steenhuisen, and J. Vives i Batlle" |
2014 |
ACS Publications |
Laurids Siig Christensena,∗, Katharina E. Brehmb, Julia Julia Christensena, Bernd HaasbSkovc, Kenneth W. Harlowc, |
2011 |
Journal of Virological Methods |
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Cissy Ma, Craig Benson, Debbie McKenzie, Judd M Aiken, Joel A Peders |
2007 |
Environmental Science & Technology |
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Differential Decomposition in Terrestrial, Freshwater and Saltwater Environments: A Plot Study |
Laura E. Ayers, B.A. |
2010 |
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Guidelines for the Emergency Use of Above Ground Burial to Manage Catastrophic Livestock Mortality |
USDA-APHIS | 2021 | APHIS |
Mesophilic Static Pile Composting of Animal Carcasses
|
Gary Flory and Robert Peer |
2017 |
BioCycle.net |
Above Ground Burial Managing Catastrophic Loss of Livestock |
Gary Alan Flory, Robert W. Peer, Robert A. Clark, Mohamed Naceur Baccar, Thanh-Thao Le, Aziz Ben Mbarek and Sami Farsi |
2017 |
International Journal of One Health |
Chelsea G. Himsworth |
2008 | Canadian Veterinary Medical Association | |
Rachel Freedman, Ron Fleming |
2003 | Ridgetown College - University of Guelph | |
Livestock Mortalities Burial Leachate Chemistry after Two Years of Decomposition |
Dyan L. Pratt, Terrance A. Fonstad |
2009 | BioCycle |
Potential water quality impacts originating from land burial of cattle carcasses |
Qi Yuan, Daniel D. Snow, Shannon L. Bartely-Hunt |
2013
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University of Nebraska
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Tim Reuter, Trevor W. Alexander , Tim A McAllister |
2010
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Applied and Environmental Microbiology
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Biodegradation of Bacillus anthracis endospores during Composting |
Tim Reuter |
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Alberta
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Effect of turning frequency on co-composting pig manure and fungus residue |
Zhou Jiang-ming |
2017
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Journal of the Air and Waste Management
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Jennifer Elizabeth Keaten1 and Mark Hutchinson |
2017
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International Journal of One Health
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Jean Bonhotal, Mary Schwarz, Nellie Brown |
2008
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Cornell Cooperative Extension
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Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds during Composting of Poultry Litter |
N.G. Turan, A. Akdemir, O.N. Ergun |
2007
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Springer Science
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Degradation of foot-and-mouth disease virus during composting of infected pig carcasses |
J. Guan, M. Chan, C. Grenier, B.W. Brooks, J.L. Spencer, C. Kranendonk, J. Copps, A. Clavijo |
2010
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Canadian Journal Veterinary Research
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Thomas D. Glanville, Heekwon Ahn, Thomas L. Richard, Hay D. Harmon, Donald L. Reynolds |
2006
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Iowa State University
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Gary A. Flory and Robert W. Peer |
2010
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ILAR Journal
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Conservation Practice Standard Animal Mortality Facility Code 316 |
NRCS, NHCP |
2015
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USDA
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Inactivation of Avian Influenza and Model Virus Animal By-Product Composts |
Elving J., Emmoth E., Albihn A., Vinnerås B, Ottoson J. |
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National Veterinary Institute, Sweden |
Shanwei Xu, Amanda Harvey, Ruth Barbieri, Tim Reuter, Kim Stanford, Kingsley K. Amoako, Leonard B. Selinger, Tim A. McAllister |
2016
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Frontiers In Microbiology
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazrards |
2011
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European Food and Safety Authority Journal
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Miscellaneous Operating Procedure for the Transportable Gasifier for Animal Carcasses |
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Homeland Security Research Center |
2017
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EPA
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Progress Report: Transportable Gasifier for On-Farm Disposal of Animal Mortalities |
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Homeland Security Research Center |
2016
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EPA
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Fonstad, T.A., Soni, C.G, Kulkarni , M., Dalai, A.K., Pugsley, T. Zang |
2009
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U.C. Davis
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Animal Disease Outbreak Emergency Response Logistical Infrastructure Consolidated Report |
Ms. Lori P. Miller, PE, Dr. Jimmy Tickel, DVM, Mr. Mike Mayes, Dr. Robert E. DeOtte, Jr. P.E., P.G., Ms. Emilie Hill, Ms. Stacey Tyler |
2016
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DHS / APHIS
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Dr. Gerald Parker / Dr. Robert DeOtte |
2016
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EPA
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Feasibility of Selected Infectious Carcass Pretreatment Technologies |
Office of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center |
2016
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EPA
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Exposure Assessment of Livestock Carcass Management Options During a Chemical Emergency |
Office of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center |
2015
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EPA
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Exposure Assessment of Livestock Carcass Management Options During a Foreign Animal Disease Outbreak |
Office of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center |
2014
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EPA
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Exposure Assessment of Livestock Carcass Management Options During a Radiological Emergency |
Office of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center |
2017
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EPA
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Office of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center |
2017
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EPA
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Exposure Assessment of Livestock Carcass Management Options During Natural Disasters |
Office of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center |
2017
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EPA
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The environmental and biosecurity characteristics of livestock carcass disposal methods: A review |
Ceri L. Gwyther, A. Prysor Williams, Peter N. Golynshin , Gareth Edwards-Jones, David L. Jones |
2011
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Elsevier
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Jean Larson |
2006
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USDA
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CONSERVATION PRACTICE STANDARD Emergency Animal Mortality Management Code 368 |
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2016
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USDA
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The Disposal of Carcases During the 2001 Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak in the UK |
G.M. Trevelyan, M.V. Tas, E.M. Varley and G.A.W. Hickman |
2001
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DEFRA, FMD Joint Co-ordination
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazrards |
2011
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European Food and Safety Authority Journal
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Scientific opinion on isolation in proofed pit on-farm of dead poultry |
EFSA Panel on Biological Hazrards |
2011
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European Food and Safety Authority Journal
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Evaluating the Risk of Wild Bird Exposure to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Leachate from Landfills Accepting Poultry Carcass Waste |
USDA-APHIS |
2020 | USDA-APHIS |
Development of numerical model for predicting heat generation and temperatures in MSW landfills |
James L. Hanson , Nazli Yesiller , Michael T. Onnen , Wei-Lien Liu , Nicolas K. Oettle ,Janelle A. Marinos |
2013 |
Waste Management |
Spatial and Temporal Temperature Distributions in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills |
James L. Hanson, Nazli Yesiller, and Nicolas K. Oettle |
2010 |
Journal of Environmental Engineering |
Environmental Protection at the Managed Solid Waste Landfill |
Geosyntec Consultants |
2009
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Geosyntec Consultants
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James L. Hanson, Nazli Yesiller, and Nicolas K. Oettle |
2008 |
Proceedings, 2008 Global Waste Management Symposium |
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Nazli Yeșiller, James L. Hanson, Wei-Lien Liu |
2005 | Journal of Geotechnical And Geoenviornmental Engineering ASCE | |
Landfill Settlement and the Impact on Site Capacity and Refuse Hydraulic Conductivity |
David E. Bleiker, Grahame Farquhar, Edward McBean |
1995
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Waste Management and Research |
Carcass Management Guidelines - Effective disposal of animal carcasses and contaminated materials on small to medium-sized farms |
Lori P. Miller, Robert A. Miknis, Gary A. Flory |
2020 | FAO Animal Production and Health/Guidelines |
Gail S. Anderson , Lynne S. Bell |
2014 | PLOS One | |
Ceri L. Gwyther, David L. Jones, Peter N. Golyshin, Gareth Edwards-Jones, John McKillen, Irene McNair, James E. McDonald, and A. Prysor Williams" |
2013 | ACS Publications | |
Persistence of Pathogenic Prion Protein during Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes |
Glen T. Hinckley, Christopher J. Johnson, Kurt H. Jacobson, Christian Bartholomay, Katherine D. McMahon, Debbie McKenzie, Judd M. Aiken, and Joel A. Pedersen |
2008 | American Chemical Society |
Robert Springer |
2004 | na | |
Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management and Disposition: Proceedings of a Workshop |
Jennifer Heimberg |
2001 | National Academy of Sciences |
Valuing Potential Environmental Liabilities for Managerial Decision - Making |
Susan McLaughlin, Holly Elwood, Martin A. Spitzer |
1996 | EPA Environmental Accounting Project |
USDA After Action Report: Rendering Workshop, July 2017: Riverdale, Maryland |
APHIS, Veterinary Services |
2017 |
USDA-APHIS |
Field Study on Cleaning a Rendering Plant Following a Foreign Animal Disease (FAD) Outbreak |
Office of Research and Development National Homeland Security Research Center |
2013 |
EPA |
Validation of Thermal Destruction of Pathogenic Bacteria in Rendered Animal Products |
A. Leaphart, T.R. Scott, S.D. Chambers, W.C Bridges Jr. , A.K Greene |
2006 |
Clemson University |
A quantitative risk assessment for the safety of carcase storage systems for scrapie infected farms |
A. Adkin, D.L. Jones, R.L. Eckford, G. Edwards-Jones and A.P. Williams |
2014 |