Acetates, 343
Acetophenones, 343, 350
Aldehydes, 343, 350
Analytical chemistry, 71, 79
    basic role of in repellent research, 72
Animal damage control, 139
Anthranilates, 343, 350, 351
Attitude, 429
    review of public towards predator control, 430
Attractant(s), 129, 134
    chemical, control of behavior in brown tree snakes, 121-127
Australia, 423, 427
Aversion(s), 81, 82, 83, 843, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89
    food, behavioral principles governing conditioned based on deception, 29-4 1
Aversive conditioning, 29-41
Avoidance behavior, 157, 166

Bait shyness, 101-103, 110, 113, 114, 118, 119
Banesian mimicry, 29, 31, 33, 35, 38
Benzoic acid, 373, 350, 351
Betula spp., see Birch
BGR (Big Game Repellent)
    Deer-Away Repellent, 147-155
Black rat (Rattus rattus)
    repellency of mongoose feces and urine to, 285-300
Biochemical, 423, 424, 425, 426
Birch (Betula spp.), 91, 93, 97, 99, 100
Bird repellents, see Repellents, bird
Bird(s)
    cinnamamide: a nonlethal chemical repellent for, 43-51
    deterrent research and development: marine oil spills, 401-407
    fruit-eating, 353-369
    grit-use behavior in, 333-34 1
    repellents: options, modes of action, and economic considerations, 37 1-391
Birdseed, 169, 170, 176, 179, 181
Bobcat (Lynx rufus), 271-279, 281, 283
Boiga irregularis, see Brown tree snake(s)
Bonasa umbellus, see Grouse, ruffed
Brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis)
    experiments on chemical control of behavior in, 121-127
    responsiveness of to odors, 129-137
Browsing, 241, 244, 248, 249, 251

California, 423, 425, 427, 428
Canada, 423, 426, 428
Canis latrans, see Coyote
Capsaicin, 19, 21, 23-24, 25-27, 343
    effectiveness of as a repellent to birdseed consumption by gray squirrels, 169-183
Captivity, 121, 124, 126
Cervus elaplzus, see Elk
Chemical(s), 91-100
    ecology, 71
    repellent, 43-44
    cinnamamide as nonlethal, 43-51
Chemistry
    of plant/animal interactions, 91-100
Chemoreception, 1
Chicken eggs, 23 1-240
Cinnamamide
    as nonlethal chemical repellent for birds and mammals, 43-5 1
Communication
    animal, signals used in 11, 12
    Norway rats , about foods and feeding sites, 185-200
Conditioned food aversions
    behavioral principles governing, based on deception, 29-4 1
Coniferyl benzoate, 53, 54, 59, 60, 61, 62, 68
Coyote (Canis latrans), 29, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 272

Damage
    an integrated study to decrease eared dove in sunflower crops, 409-42 1
    by wildlife, 241
    gnawing, 272, 275, 276, 277, 279
    management of wildlife, recent studies on flavor aversion learning, 101-120
Deer (Odocoileus spp.)
    comparative analysis of repellents for, 147-155
    reducing damage by to woody and herbaceous plants, 23 1-240
    repellent trials to reduce reforestation damage by, 321-332
Deer-Away
    comparative analysis of, 147-155
    to reduce damage to woody and herbaceous plants, 23 1-240
Deterrents
    bird, research and development: marine oil spills, 401-407
Digestion, 353, 356, 365, 368
Digestive enzymes, 353
Dimethyl anthranilate, 393, 398
Dove, eared (Zenaida auriculata)
    integrated study to decrease damage in sunflower crops by, 409-421

Efficacy
    review of, electronic rodent repellent devices, 253-270
Electrical
    repellent, 203
    shock, 203, 204, 207, 208, 211, 212
Electricity, 203, 204, 205, 214, 215
Electronic device
    as rodent repellent, 253-270
Electroshock
    in-water techniques to repel aquatic mammals and birds, 203-215
Electroshocking devices, 203-215
Elk(Cervuselaphus), 147, 149, 151, 152, 153
    repellent trials to reduce reforestation damage by, 321-332
European Union, 423, 426, 427

Fear, 217, 218, 222, 371
Feces
    repellency of mongoose to rats, 283-300
Feedback, 81-85, 88
Feeding behavior, 54, 68
Field tests, 121, 123
Flavor aversion learning
    recent studies on, 101-120
Florida, 423, 425
Food selection, 185, 199
Foraging, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126
Fox, red (Vulpes vulpes), 271, 273, 275, 277, 278, 281, 284
Frightening devices, 203

Gopher, pocket (Thomomys talpoides)
    repellent trials to reduce reforestation damage by, 32 1-332
Granular pesticides
    va review of research to develop safer, 333-341
Gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)
    effectiveness of capsaicin as a repellent to birdseed consumption by, 169-183
Grit use, in birds. 333-34 1
Grouse, ruffed (Bonasa umbellus), 53-53, 68
Guam 121-3, 126, 127

Habituation, 121, 124
Herbivore(s), 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100
    avian, food selection, 53-70
    origins of food preference in, 81-90
Herbivory, 147
Herpestes auropunctatus, see Mongoose
Hinder®
    to reduce deer damage to woody and herbaceous plants, 231-240
Hot Sauce®
    to reduce deer damage to woody and herbaceous plants, 231-240
House mouse
    effectiveness of Varpel Rope® on, 313-319
House sparrow (Passer domesticus), 393, 394, 396
Humane views on wildlife repellents, 429-433

Ingestive behavior, 301
Innate. 217, 225
Irritation, 1, 2, 19-27, 169, 173, 371, 386, 389, 390

Laboratory tests, 121-123
Lepus americanus, see Snowshoe hare
Lepus timidus, see Mountain hare
Lithium chloride, 29, 30, 36, 37. 40
Lynx rufus, see Bobcat

Mammals
    cinnamamide as nonlethal chemical repellent for, 43-51
    in-water electroshock techniques to repel aquatic, 203-215
Management
    recent studies on flavor aversion learning in wildlife damage, 101-120
    review of synthetic predator odor semiochemicals as repellents for wildlife, Pacific Northwest, 217-230
Marmota monax, see Woodchuck
Meadow vole
    repellency of predator urine to, 271-284
Methyl anthranilate, 393, 398
Microtus pennsylvanicus, see Meadow vole
Microtus orchrogaster, see Prairie vole
Milorganite, 231-236
Mimicry, 29, 31, 33, 36, 38
Minnesota, 231, 233, 235, 237, 238
Mode of action, 44, 47, 48
Mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus)
    feces and urine repellency to rats, 285-300
Mother, role of in food preferences in herbivores, 81
Mountain hare, 91, 97, 100
Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus)
    comparative analysis of repellents, 147-155
Mus musculus, see House mouse

New Hampshire, 423, 425
New York, 139, 140
New Zealand, 241, 242, 423, 427
Norway rat(s) (Rattus norvegicus)
    communication about foods and feeding sites, 185-201
    effectiveness of Varpel Rope® on, 313-319
Novel, 81, 83, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90
Nutrient, 62, 81-86, 89, 90
Nutrition, 53, 54, 55, 58, 67, 69, 70

Odocoileus spp., see Deer
Odor(s)
    predator, to woodchucks, 139-148
    responsiveness of brown tree snakes to, 129-137
    review of synthetic predator, as repellents for wildlife management in Pacific Northwest, 217-230
Oil, marine spills as bird deterrent, research and development, 401-407
Olfaction, 1-4
Orchard, 271-273, 282, 283, 284
Overshadowing, 101, 111, 112, 113, 115

Papyriferic acid, 91, 93, 96, 97
Passer domesticus, see House sparrow
Peppermint, 393, 396
Pest control, 44
Pheromones, 185, 186
Pine-needle oil
    behavioral responses to, in northern pocket gopher, 157-167
Plant secondary metabolite, 53-58, 157, 158
Plant/animal interactions, 71
    chemistry of, 91-100
Pocket gopher(s) (Thomomys talpoides)
    behavioral responses to pine-needle oil in (northern), 157-167 repellent trials to reduce     reforestation damage by, 321-332
Poison avoidance, 185, 190
Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans)
    repellency of mongoose feces and urine to, 285-300
Populus tremuloides, see Quaking aspen
Possum(s) (Trichosurus vulpecula)
    predator odors as repellents to, 241-252
Prairie vole(s) (Microtus orchrogaster)
    role of sensory cues and feeding context in mediation on pine-needle oils repellency in, 301-311
Predation, 29, 30, 31, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40
Predator odor(s), 286, 287, 291, 295, 297, 298, 299
    review of synthetic semiochemicals as repellents for wildlife management In Pacific Northwest, 217-230
Predator urine, 147, 155
    repellency of to woodchucks and meadow voles, 27 1-284
Preference, origins of food in herbivores, 81-90
Public, attracted by use of repellents, 429-433

Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), 53, 54, 59, 61, 68, 69

Rabbit(s) (Lepus spp.)
    predator odors as repellents to, 241-252
Rattus exulans, see Polynesian rat
Rattus norvegicus, see Norway rat
Rattus rattus, see Black rat
Red fox (Vulpes vulpes), 271, 273, 275, 277, 278, 281, 284
Reduced risk, 423-428
Regulations, 253, 264
    review of imposed marketing constraints to repellent development, 423-428
Repellency
    chemical signals and, problems and prognosis, 1-10
    of mongoose feces and urine to rats, 285-300
    of plant, natural products, and predator odors to woodchucks, 139-146
    of predator urine to woodchucks and meadow voles, 27 1-284
    peripheral trigeminal neural processes involved in, 19-27
    role of sensory cues and feeding context in the mediation of pine-needle oil, in prairie voles, 301-311
Repellent(s), 129, 130, 132, 133, 135, 137
    and woodchucks. 139-146
    avian (bird), 343-352, 371-391, 393-399
    BGR (Big Game Repellent). 147-155
    capsaicin as, 19, 21, 23-24, 25-27
    to birdseed consumption by gray squirrels, 169-183
    cinnamamide, as nonlethal chemical, 43-51
    comparative analysis of deer, 147-155
    Deer-Away®, 147-155
    effectiveness of on Norway rats and house mice, 313-319
    electric, 203-215
    electronic rodent devices, 253-270
    experimental use of, control behavior in brown tree snakes, 121-127
    flavor aversion learning in wildlife damage management, 101-120
    Hinder®, 231-240
    Hot Sauce®, 231-240
    in prairie voles, 301-311
    integrating sensory modalities, 11-18
    mongoose feces and urine as, to rats, 285-300
    pine-needle oil as, 157-167, 301-3 11
    predator odors as, to possums and rabbits, 241-252
    predator urine, to woodchucks and meadow voles, 271-284
    public attraction to use, 429-433
    research, role of analytical chemistry in, 71-80
    review of regulatory-imposed marketing constraints to development of, 423-428
    rodent, electronic, 253-270
    sucrose as, for fruit-eating birds, 353-369
    synthetic predator odor semiochemicals as, 217-230
    to reduce deer damage to woody and herbaceous plants, 231-240
    Tree Guard®, 231, 232-236, 238, 239
    trials to reduce reforestation damage by pocket gophers, deer, and elk, 321-332
    trigeminal, 343, 350
    use, to decrease eared dove damage in sunflower crops, 409-421
    Varpel Rope®, 313-319
Research protocol, 333
Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), 53, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68. 70

Salicorten, 91
Salience, 101, 111, 112, 116
Sciurus carolinensis, see Gray squirrel
Semiochemicals, 217, 219, 220, 222-226, 228-229, 286, 298-299, 321, 323-324, 327, 331
Sensitization, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 27
Sensory, 378, 379, 383, 388
    chemo- , 371, 373
    cues, role of, in mediation of pine-needle oil s
    repellency in prairie voles, 301-311
    somato-, 19, 21, 22, 23
Sheep predation, 29
Shock, in-water electro, 203-215
Sickness, 371, 373
Signal design, 12
Snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), 91-95, 97, 99, 100
Somatosensory, 19, 21, 22, 23
Spills, marine oil, 401-407
Starlings, 343, 347, 351
Sucrose, as feeding deterrent for fruit-eating birds, 353-369
Sugars, see Sucrose
Sunflowers, integrated strategy to decrease eared dove damage in, 409-421
Supersensitivity, 121, 124, 127

Taste, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 301, 309, 310, 311
Taste aversion, 29, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40
Thomomys talpoides, see Pocket gopher
Toxicity, 53-55, 63, 66
Toxin, 81-86, 88, 90
Trails, 185, 198, 199, 200
Tree Guard®, 231, 232-236, 238, 239
Tremulacin, 91, 97, 98
Trigeminal, peripheral, involved in repellency, 19-27
Trigeminal repellents, 343, 350

Urine, 185, 199, 231, 232, 234, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240
    mongoose, as repellent to rats, 285-300
    repellency of predator to woodchucks and meadow voles, 27 1-284
Uruguay, 409, 410, 418, 419, 420

Varied diets, 82, 85, 89, 90
Varpel Rope®, effectiveness on Norway rats and house mice, 313-319
Vertebrate pests, 241
Vertebrate(s), 1, 4, 6, 7, 8
Vulpes vulpes, see Red fox

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
    comparative analysis of repellents on, 147-155
    reducing damage by to woody and herbaceous plants, 23 1-240
    repellent trials to reduce reforestation damage by, 321-332
Wildlife damage, 241
    an integrated study to decrease eared dove in sunflower crops, 409-421
    management, recent studies on flavor aversion leaming in, 101-120
    reducing deer, to woody and herbaceous plants, 231-240
    repellent trials to reduce reforestation, by pocket gophers, deer, and elk, 321-330
    review of synthetic predator odor semiochemicals as repellents for management in Pacific Northwest, 217-230
Woodchuck(s) (Marmota monex)
    repellency of plant, natural products, and predator odors to, 139-146
    of urine to, 271-284

Zenaida auriculata, see Eared dove